CLEP 
Social Sciences and History
College · CLEP Social Sciences and History · Certificate available
640 lessons 5.7h runtime 16 units 851 links between lessons Test yourself · 16 quizzes, a mid exam, and a final
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Begin with Unit 1: United States History I: Colonies to Reconstruction. It sets the foundation for everything that follows.
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Unit 1: United States History I: Colonies to Reconstruction 40 lessons, 2 lecture parts
- 0001 What the Exam Means by United States History
- 0002 The Americas Before 1492
- 0003 Why Europeans Sailed West
- 0004 Slavery Before and After the Atlantic Crossing
- 0005 The Columbian Exchange, in One Line
- 0006 What Colonies Were For
- 0007 Jamestown and Plymouth: Two Motives
- 0008 Navigation Acts and Salutary Neglect
- 0009 Great Awakening and Enlightenment
- 0010 Classifying a Colony by Its Founding Purpose worked example
- 0011 The French and Indian War and the Debt
- 0012 The Stamp Act and No Taxation Without Representation
- 0013 From the Tea to the Coercive Acts
- 0014 The First Continental Congress
- 0015 Declaration, Saratoga, France, Yorktown
- 0016 Loyalists, Patriots, and Who the War Changed
- 0017 Sequencing the Road to Independence, 1763–1776 worked example
- 0018 Republicanism Against Democracy
- 0019 The Articles of Confederation and Shays' Rebellion
- 0020 The Convention's Three Compromises worked example
- 0021 Federalists, Anti-Federalists, and the Bill of Rights
- 0022 Hamilton's Program and the First Parties
- 0023 Jefferson: 1800, Louisiana, Marbury
- 0024 The War of 1812
- 0025 Reading a Founding Document for Its Claim worked example
- 0026 The Market and Transportation Revolutions
- 0027 Jacksonian Democracy and the Second Party System
- 0028 Nullification, the Bank War, and the Whigs
- 0029 Indian Removal
- 0030 The Missouri Compromise
- 0031 Texas, Polk, and the Mexican Cession
- 0032 Henry Clay's Three Compromises worked example
- 0033 Cotton, the Domestic Slave Trade, and the South's Defenses
- 0034 The Second Great Awakening and Reform
- 0035 Abolition and Seneca Falls
- 0036 Kansas-Nebraska, Dred Scott, and the Republicans
- 0037 Secession and the War's Opening
- 0038 Emancipation and Union Victory
- 0039 Reconstruction: Plans, Amendments, Collapse worked example
- 0040 From Compromise to War: One Chain, 1820–1861 review
Unit 2: United States History II: Industrialization to the Present 40 lessons, 2 lecture parts
- 0101 Manifest Destiny and the Last West
- 0102 Reservations, Allotment, and Americanization
- 0103 Steel, Oil, and the Forms of Big Business
- 0104 Wage Labor and the First Unions
- 0105 Urbanization, Immigration, and the Great Migration
- 0106 Social Darwinism, Pragmatism, and the Social Gospel
- 0107 Machines, Patronage, and Civil Service
- 0108 Farmers, Populists, and 1896
- 0109 Classifying a Business Combination worked example
- 0110 Sequencing Industrialization's Consequences worked example
- 0111 Progressivism: Who, What, Why
- 0112 Washington, Du Bois, and the NAACP
- 0113 Woman Suffrage to the Nineteenth Amendment
- 0114 Roosevelt, Taft, Wilson: Progressivism in the White House
- 0115 From Isolation to Empire: 1898 and the Open Door
- 0116 The Roosevelt Corollary and Dollar Diplomacy
- 0117 Neutrality to War, 1914–1917
- 0118 The Treaty Fight: Irreconcilables, Reservationists, Article X worked example
- 0119 Red Scare, Red Summer, Normalcy
- 0120 The Twenties: Prosperity, Backlash, New Voices
- 0121 Wartime Conditions and Women's Work, Three Wars worked example
- 0122 The Crash and Its Spread
- 0123 Hoover's Response
- 0124 The First Hundred Days
- 0125 The Second New Deal and the Safety Net
- 0126 Sorting New Deal Measures: Relief, Recovery, Reform worked example
- 0127 From Appeasement to Pearl Harbor
- 0128 The Home Front and Internment
- 0129 Two Theaters and the Bomb
- 0130 Containment, the Marshall Plan, Korea
- 0131 The Second Red Scare
- 0132 Affluence, Suburbs, and the Baby Boom
- 0133 Brown, Montgomery, Little Rock
- 0134 Kennedy, Cuba, and the Turn to Vietnam
- 0135 The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution worked example
- 0136 The Great Society and the Civil Rights Acts
- 0137 Vietnam's End, Watergate, Stagflation
- 0138 The Reagan Era and the End of the Cold War
- 0139 9/11, Two Wars, the Great Recession
- 0140 Government's Reach, 1877–2008: One Thread review
Unit 3: Western Civilization I: The Ancient and Medieval West 40 lessons, 2 lecture parts
- 0201 What Western Civilization Means on This Exam
- 0202 Agriculture, Cities, and the First Civilization
- 0203 Mesopotamia: Writing, Gods, Walls
- 0204 Egypt: Unification, the Old Kingdom, Divine Kingship
- 0205 Bronze Age Networks and Their Collapse
- 0206 Iron, Phoenicians, and Assyria
- 0207 The Hebrews and the Road to Monotheism
- 0208 Placing Ancient Near Eastern States on a Timeline worked example
- 0209 The Polis and the Hoplite
- 0210 Sparta or Athens? Classifying a Feature worked example
- 0211 Persia: Empire by Leniency
- 0212 The Persian War and the Delian League
- 0213 The Peloponnesian War and Its Aftermath
- 0214 Athenian Democracy and Its Limits
- 0215 Humanism, History, and Philosophy
- 0216 Alexander and the Hellenistic Kingdoms
- 0217 Stoics, Epicureans, Cynics
- 0218 Reading a Greek Primary Source for Its Claim worked example
- 0219 The Republic's Institutions
- 0220 The Conflict of the Orders
- 0221 Expansion, Citizenship, and the Punic Wars
- 0222 Clientage and the Republic's End
- 0223 Augustus and the Principate
- 0224 The Pax Romana and the Frontiers
- 0225 Roman Society, Law, and Citizenship
- 0226 The Third-Century Crisis, Diocletian, Constantine
- 0227 Christianity from Sect to State Religion
- 0228 Why Rome Fell: Weighing Four Readings worked example
- 0229 Comparing Republic and Empire on Five Features worked example
- 0230 Byzantium: Justinian, Themes, Iconoclasm
- 0231 Islam and the Caliphates
- 0232 The Latin Church and the Papacy
- 0233 Franks, Anglo-Saxons, Vikings
- 0234 Feudal Law and the Manor
- 0235 The Medieval Agricultural Revolution and the Towns
- 0236 The Crusades and Their Three Consequences
- 0237 Scholasticism and the Return of Aristotle
- 0238 The Black Death and Its Aftermath
- 0239 Classifying a Medieval Institution: Church, Crown, Manor, Town worked example
- 0240 From City-State to Empire to Church: One Arc, 3500 BCE–1453 CE review
Unit 4: Western Civilization II: Renaissance to the Present 40 lessons, 2 lecture parts
- 0301 Why the Renaissance Began in Italy
- 0302 Humanism and Its Thinkers
- 0303 Print, Patronage, and Perspective
- 0304 Gunpowder, Taxes, and the New Monarchies
- 0305 Spain, England, France Become States
- 0306 The Ottoman Empire as a Model State
- 0307 Luther, Calvin, Henry VIII
- 0308 The Catholic Reformation
- 0309 Classifying a Reformation by Its Cause worked example
- 0310 The Religious Wars and Westphalia
- 0311 Absolutism: Louis XIV and Prussia
- 0312 England's Exception: Civil War to 1688
- 0313 Columbus, Cortés, Potosí
- 0314 Early Capitalism and the Slave Trade
- 0315 The Dutch and British Trade Empires
- 0316 Comparing Two Empires on Purpose, Method, Cost worked example
- 0317 From Geocentrism to Newton
- 0318 The Enlightenment's Program
- 0319 Locke, Voltaire, Rousseau, Smith
- 0320 The Society of Orders and the Great Powers
- 0321 Why 1789: Debt, Estates, Equality
- 0322 From Constitution to Terror: Sequencing the Revolution worked example
- 0323 Napoleon: Code, Conquest, Nationalism
- 0324 Why Britain Industrialized First
- 0325 Railways, Cities, and the Working Class
- 0326 Industrialization's Results: Reading the Claims worked example
- 0327 Four Ideologies After Napoleon: Classifying a Claim worked example
- 0328 Vienna, 1848, and the Unifications
- 0329 Who Unified What: Matching Leaders to Nations worked example
- 0330 Victorian Culture, Darwin, and Social Darwinism
- 0331 The New Imperialism: Technology, Motive, Plunder
- 0332 Why 1914, and Why It Lasted
- 0333 Revolution in Russia and the Interwar Mood
- 0334 Fascism, Weimar, and the Nazis
- 0335 World War II's Course
- 0336 The Holocaust
- 0337 Stalin, the Cold War, and Its Proxies
- 0338 Decolonization and the Non-Aligned
- 0339 Social Democracy, the EEC, and 1968
- 0340 Expansion and Contraction: Europe's Reach, 1492–1991 review
Unit 5: World History I: Prehistory to 1500 40 lessons, 2 lecture parts
- 0401 Primary Sources: Author, Audience, Intent, Context
- 0402 Reading a Historical Claim for Cause and Interpretation worked example
- 0403 Out of Africa: Migration and the Paleolithic
- 0404 The Neolithic Revolution and Its Price
- 0405 What Makes a Civilization: Uruk and Its Sisters
- 0406 Egypt's Three Kingdoms and Ma'at
- 0407 The Indus Cities
- 0408 Assyria, Babylon, and the Iron Age
- 0409 Persia's Satrapies and Zoroaster
- 0410 The Hebrews: Weighing a Text Against the Record worked example
- 0411 Shang, Zhou, Qin: The Imperial Blueprint
- 0412 Confucianism, Daoism, Legalism
- 0413 The Steppes and the Silk Roads
- 0414 Vedic India to the Guptas
- 0415 Buddhism: Origin and Spread
- 0416 Buddhism Reaches China: What the Anchor States and What the Exam Concludes worked example
- 0417 Korea, Japan, and the Chinese Model
- 0418 The Delhi Sultanate and the Indian Ocean
- 0419 Bronze Age Collapse and the Alphabet
- 0420 The Polis, Persia, and the Hellenistic World
- 0421 The Republic to Augustus: Sequencing the Collapse worked example
- 0422 Living in the Roman Empire
- 0423 Constantine's Shift and the Western Fragments
- 0424 Byzantium and Persia, Aksum and Himyar
- 0425 Feudalism, Manorialism, and the Schism of 1054
- 0426 The Crusades as Interaction
- 0427 Europe's Fourteenth Century
- 0428 Africa's Geography and Independent Iron
- 0429 Kush and the Bantu Migrations
- 0430 Ghana, Mali, Songhai: Telling the Three Apart worked example
- 0431 Swahili Coast and Great Zimbabwe
- 0432 Peopling and Planting the Americas
- 0433 Olmec, Maya, Teotihuacán
- 0434 Chavín's Heirs, the Inca, and Aztec Tenochtitlán
- 0435 Mounds, Pueblos, and Cahokia
- 0436 Islam's Rise and the Caliphates
- 0437 Chinggis Khan and the Mongol Exchange
- 0438 Comparing Two Trade Networks: Silk Roads and Indian Ocean worked example
- 0439 The Black Death Across Afro-Eurasia
- 0440 Gunpowder, Constantinople, and the Turn to the Sea, 1453 review
Unit 6: World History II: 1400 to the Present 40 lessons, 2 lecture parts
- 0501 Akbar's Synthesis and Aurangzeb's Reversal
- 0502 Malacca and the Straits
- 0503 Tokugawa Closure and Ming to Qing
- 0504 The Ottoman Millet System and Suleiman's Law
- 0505 Safavid Persia and the Sunni–Shia Rift
- 0506 A Connected Islamic World Without a Caliph
- 0507 Comparing Three Gunpowder Empires worked example
- 0508 Europeans in Asia: Portugal, the Dutch, the Companies
- 0509 Mali and Songhai: Gold, Salt, Islam
- 0510 The Swahili Coast and Kilwa
- 0511 The Trans-Saharan Trade Turns to the Coast
- 0512 The Atlantic Slave Trade's Results: Reading the Key worked example
- 0513 Luther to Trent
- 0514 Crossing the Atlantic: Dias, Columbus, Tordesillas
- 0515 The Columbian Exchange and the Great Dying
- 0516 Mercantilism and Its Critics: Reading a Policy Claim worked example
- 0517 Colonies, Motives, and Native Responses
- 0518 The Seven Years' War and Britain's Ascendancy
- 0519 The Enlightenment and the Public Sphere
- 0520 Three Atlantic Revolutions: America, France, Haiti
- 0521 Conservatism, Liberalism, Nationalism After 1815
- 0522 Classifying a Revolution by Its Break with the Past worked example
- 0523 Creoles, Juntas, and Cádiz
- 0524 Mexico: Hidalgo to the Republic
- 0525 Bolívar, San Martín, and Brazil's Emperor
- 0526 Capitalism, Mechanization, and Marx
- 0527 The Second Industrial Revolution and Export Economies
- 0528 Imperialism's Motives, Means, and Costs
- 0529 Coerced Labor and Migration in the Industrial Age
- 0530 Reform, Unions, and Socialisms: Classifying a Response worked example
- 0531 Japan's Meiji Turn and China's Boxers
- 0532 Alliances to Armistice, 1914–1918
- 0533 Versailles, the League, and the Mandates
- 0534 The Soviet Union Under Stalin
- 0535 The Depression as a Global Event
- 0536 From Nanjing to Hiroshima
- 0537 Containment or Non-Alignment: Sorting Cold War Events worked example
- 0538 Satellites, Crises, and Decolonization
- 0539 1991 and After: Globalization's Institutions
- 0540 Interaction as the Theme: Six Centuries of Exchange, 1400–2000 review
Unit 7: American Government I: Foundations, Federalism, Liberties, Rights 40 lessons, 2 lecture parts
- 0601 What Government Does and Who It Is For
- 0602 Four Kinds of Goods: Sorting by Access and Supply worked example
- 0603 Democracy, Republic, Oligarchy, Monarchy, Totalitarianism
- 0604 Elite Theory Against Pluralism: Classifying a Claim worked example
- 0605 Intense Preferences, Latent Preferences, Social Capital
- 0606 Who Engages, and How
- 0607 English Liberties and the Broken Contract
- 0608 The Articles: Weak by Design
- 0609 Virginia, New Jersey, and the Great Compromise
- 0610 Three-Fifths and the Convention's Bargain on Slavery
- 0611 Separation of Powers and Checks and Balances
- 0612 Enumerated, Reserved, and the Supremacy Clause
- 0613 Federalists, Anti-Federalists, and the Eighty-Five Essays
- 0614 New Hampshire Makes Nine
- 0615 How the Constitution Changes
- 0616 The Bill of Rights, 1791
- 0617 Reading a Ratification Argument for Its Fear worked example
- 0618 Federal, Unitary, Confederal
- 0619 Full Faith and Credit; Privileges and Immunities
- 0620 Layer Cake to Marble Cake
- 0621 New Federalism and Devolution
- 0622 Categorical Grants, Block Grants, Mandates: Naming the Instrument worked example
- 0623 Venue Shopping and the Court as Referee
- 0624 Federalism's Ledger: Innovation Against the Race to the Bottom
- 0625 Nullification and the Elastic Clause
- 0626 Classifying a Power: Enumerated, Implied, Concurrent, Reserved worked example
- 0627 Liberties Against Rights: Two Different Guarantees
- 0628 Selective Incorporation Through the Fourteenth
- 0629 Establishment and Free Exercise
- 0630 Expression, Press, Assembly, and Their Limits
- 0631 Searches, Seizures, and the Exclusionary Rule
- 0632 The Fifth and Sixth: Suspects' Procedure
- 0633 Civil Juries, Bail, Fines, Cruel and Unusual
- 0634 Privacy: A Right the Text Does Not Name
- 0635 Three Standards of Scrutiny: Applying the Right One worked example
- 0636 From Plessy to Brown
- 0637 Coverture to the Nineteenth Amendment and Title IX
- 0638 Sovereignty, Removal, and Self-Government
- 0639 Latino, Asian American, LGBTQ, and Disability Rights
- 0640 One Document, Two Levels, Three Standards: The Constitutional Frame Assembled review
Unit 8: American Government II: Congress, Presidency, Courts, States, Bureaucracy, Policy 40 lessons, 2 lecture parts
- 0701 Two Chambers, 435 and 100
- 0702 Enumerated, Implied, Inherent
- 0703 Why the House Hurries and the Senate Waits
- 0704 The Incumbency Advantage
- 0705 Delegate, Trustee, Politico: Classifying a Legislator's Choice worked example
- 0706 Pork-Barrel Politics and Congress's Standing
- 0707 Speaker, Majority Leader, Whip
- 0708 Committee to Floor to Conference: Sequencing a Bill worked example
- 0709 Oversight, Committees, and the Modern Path
- 0710 The Office the Convention Invented
- 0711 From King Caucus to Primaries
- 0712 Transition, Confirmation, Agenda
- 0713 The Bully Pulpit and Going Public
- 0714 Pardons, Executive Orders, Executive Agreements
- 0715 Executive Privilege and the Signing Statement
- 0716 Conditions That Help a President, and Their Limits
- 0717 Order or Law? Classifying a Presidential Act worked example
- 0718 Why a Common-Law Judiciary Matters
- 0719 Two Court Systems, One Top
- 0720 District, Circuit, Supreme
- 0721 Lifetime Tenure and Surprised Presidents
- 0722 Marbury and Judicial Review
- 0723 Certiorari, the Rule of Four, and the Docket
- 0724 Briefs, Argument, Conference, Opinions
- 0725 Activism, Restraint, and Enforcement's Dependence
- 0726 The States' Fiscal Lever and Local Tax Pressure
- 0727 Elazar's Three Political Cultures
- 0728 The Governor's Vetoes and the Legislature's Three Jobs
- 0729 Term Limits: The Claims on Each Side
- 0730 Counties and Cities: Five Forms
- 0731 Dillon's Rule and Home Rule
- 0732 Spoils to Merit
- 0733 Weber's Ideal and the Self-Serving Models
- 0734 Departments, Regulators, Agencies, Corporations
- 0735 Rulemaking, Oversight, FOIA, Whistleblowers
- 0736 Placing an Agency in Its Type worked example
- 0737 Distributive, Regulatory, Redistributive: Naming a Policy worked example
- 0738 The Safety Net and the Policy Cycle
- 0739 Deficit, Debt, Mandatory, Discretionary: The Budget's Vocabulary worked example
- 0740 Checks in Motion: A Policy Through Three Branches and the Bureaucracy review
Unit 9: American Government III and Political Science: Opinion, Elections, Media, Parties, Groups; Method, Ideology, Regimes, the World 40 lessons, 2 lecture parts
- 0801 Agents of Socialization
- 0802 A Scientific Poll: Sample, Randomness, Margin
- 0803 Push Polls, Bradley Effects, Exit Polls: Naming a Poll's Flaw worked example
- 0804 Approval: Why the Three Branches Move Differently
- 0805 Who Listens to Polls, and When
- 0806 Registration: 1965, 1993, 2002
- 0807 Turnout by Three Denominators
- 0808 Who Votes, Who Does Not
- 0809 The FEC, Contribution Limits, and Super PACs
- 0810 Primaries and Caucuses; Closed, Open, Top-Two
- 0811 Election Day to the Electoral College
- 0812 Winner-Take-All and the District Exception: The Electoral Vote Rule worked example
- 0813 Why Voters Choose: Party, Issues, Past, Pocketbook
- 0814 Initiative, Referendum, Recall
- 0815 Four Roles of the Media
- 0816 From the Party Press to Soft News
- 0817 The FCC, Equal Time, and the Fairness Doctrine's End
- 0818 Hypodermic, Minimal, Cultivation; Framing and Priming: Naming the Effect worked example
- 0819 Why Plurality Rules Make Two Parties
- 0820 Electorate, Organization, Government: A Party's Three Parts
- 0821 Realignment and the Critical Election
- 0822 Divided Government, Sorting, and Polarization
- 0823 Public Interests, Private Interests, Particularized Benefits
- 0824 Free Riders and Three Incentives: Naming the Cure worked example
- 0825 Iron Triangles, Issue Networks, Voting Cues
- 0826 Lobbying Regulated: Registration, Disclosure, the Revolving Door
- 0827 Who Gets What, When, and How
- 0828 Power, Authority, Legitimacy, Sovereignty
- 0829 Normative Against Empirical: Classifying a Question worked example
- 0830 Generalizations Are Probabilistic
- 0831 Strategic or Expressive; Fast or Slow
- 0832 Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau on the State of Nature
- 0833 Liberalism's Varieties; Nationalism, Communism, Fascism
- 0834 Weber's Three Legitimacies
- 0835 Hard and Soft Authoritarianism
- 0836 Parliamentary or Presidential, Federal or Unitary: Classifying a Regime worked example
- 0837 Sovereignty, Anarchy, and Levels of Analysis
- 0838 Realism, Liberalism, Constructivism, Critical
- 0839 The UN's Organs and the Regional IGOs
- 0840 Bretton Woods to the WTO: The Political Economy of the Postwar Order review
Unit 10: Geography I: Key Geographical Skills and Physical Geography 40 lessons, 2 lecture parts
- 0901 Writing About the Earth: Geography's Two Branches
- 0902 Where and Why: The Spatial Perspective
- 0903 Five Kinds of Geographic Question worked example
- 0904 Mental Maps and the Inquiry Process
- 0905 Projection: The Sphere Onto the Page
- 0906 Scale, Two Meanings
- 0907 Parallels and Meridians
- 0908 Prime Meridian and Date Line
- 0909 Site Against Situation
- 0910 GIS: Layers of Data
- 0911 Remote Sensing
- 0912 Absolute or Relative? Locating a Place Two Ways worked example
- 0913 Formal, Functional, Perceptual Regions
- 0914 Expansion or Relocation: Classifying a Diffusion worked example
- 0915 Determinism Against Possibilism
- 0916 Hazards Have Seasons; The Ring of Fire
- 0917 Crust, Mantle, Core
- 0918 The Rock Cycle
- 0919 Wegener's Evidence and Its Missing Mechanism
- 0920 Convergent, Divergent, Transform
- 0921 Active and Passive Margins
- 0922 Reading a Boundary From Its Landforms worked example
- 0923 Faults, Focus, Epicenter: Naming the Fault From the Motion worked example
- 0924 Magma, the Geothermal Gradient, and Eruption Signs
- 0925 Tsunami: Four Causes, One Wave
- 0926 Mechanical and Chemical Weathering; Soil
- 0927 Erosion's Agents: Water, Wind, Ice, Gravity
- 0928 Glaciers, Continental and Alpine
- 0929 Where the Water Is; The Hydrologic Cycle
- 0930 Streams, Floods, Groundwater
- 0931 Surface Currents and the Coriolis Effect
- 0932 Sea Level, Eustatic and Accelerating
- 0933 Shortwave In, Longwave Out
- 0934 Latitude, Water, and the Other Controls of Weather
- 0935 Air Masses by Letter Code; The Polar Front
- 0936 Thunderstorm, Tornado, Tropical Cyclone
- 0937 Weather Is Today; Climate Is Thirty Years
- 0938 Köppen: Classifying a Climate by Temperature, Rain, and Season worked example
- 0939 ENSO and the Pleistocene: Change on Two Clocks
- 0940 The Anthropogenic Signal: What the Record Shows and Who Emits review
Unit 11: Geography II: Population, Migration, Culture, Political Geography, Development 40 lessons, 2 lecture parts
- 1001 Where People Are: Clusters and the Ecumene
- 1002 Arithmetic, Physiological, Agricultural Density
- 1003 Crude Birth Rate, Crude Death Rate, Natural Increase
- 1004 Total Fertility and the 2.1 Line
- 1005 Doubling Time and Population Momentum
- 1006 The Demographic Transition: Placing a Country in Its Stage worked example
- 1007 Reading a Population Pyramid
- 1008 Carrying Capacity and the Overpopulation Question
- 1009 Infant Mortality, Life Expectancy, Morbidity
- 1010 Which Density Answers Which Question? worked example
- 1011 Migration Defined: Permanent, Prolonged, Net
- 1012 Push and Pull
- 1013 The Nineteenth-Century Laws of Migration
- 1014 Refugee, Asylum Seeker, IDP: Classifying a Mover worked example
- 1015 Brain Drain, Brain Gain, Brain Waste
- 1016 Remittances and Transnationalism
- 1017 Points Systems, Guest Workers, Visas
- 1018 Culture Hearths and the Cultural Landscape
- 1019 Folk Culture Against Popular Culture
- 1020 Global Culture, Placelessness, Resistance
- 1021 Commodification and Cultural Tourism
- 1022 Language Families and Branches
- 1023 Why Languages Spread and Die
- 1024 Pidgin, Creole, Lingua Franca: Naming the Contact Language worked example
- 1025 Toponymy and Dialect
- 1026 Universalizing Against Ethnic Religions
- 1027 Branches, Schism, Syncretism
- 1028 Sacred Space, Pilgrimage, Sanctuary
- 1029 Religious Conflict, and Conflicts Called Religious
- 1030 Ethnicity, Race, Nation: Three Definitions
- 1031 Enclave Against Ghetto; Segregation
- 1032 Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide
- 1033 State, Nation, Nation-State, Stateless Nation: Classifying a Unit worked example
- 1034 Boundaries: Physical, Geometric, Ethnic
- 1035 State Shapes; Centripetal and Centrifugal Forces
- 1036 Supranational Organizations and Irredentism
- 1037 GDP, GNI, PPP, HDI
- 1038 Two Paths: International Trade or Self-Sufficiency worked example
- 1039 Rostow's Stages and Their Critics
- 1040 Core and Periphery: Dependency, World Systems, and the Brandt Line review
Unit 12: Geography III: Agriculture, Industry, Settlement, Environment, and the World's Regions 40 lessons, 2 lecture parts
- 1101 Agriculture's Independent Origins
- 1102 Subsistence Against Commercial
- 1103 Shifting Cultivation, Swidden, Slash-and-Burn
- 1104 Intensive Subsistence and Double Cropping
- 1105 Pastoral Nomadism and Transhumance
- 1106 Plantation, Ranching, Agribusiness
- 1107 The Green Revolution: Inputs, Transfer, and the Population Link worked example
- 1108 Biorevolution, GMOs, Organic, Sustainable
- 1109 Food Security, Food Sovereignty, Famine
- 1110 Locational Criteria: Bulk-Reducing and Break-of-Bulk
- 1111 Fordism, Taylorism, Economies of Scale
- 1112 Outsourcing or Offshoring: Naming the Production Strategy worked example
- 1113 Deindustrialization and Footloose Capital
- 1114 Industry's Impact on Places
- 1115 Rural Defined: Land Use, Density, Livelihood
- 1116 Clustered, Dispersed, Linear, Circular Villages
- 1117 The Five Urban Hearths
- 1118 City Proper, Agglomeration, Metropolitan Area
- 1119 More Than Half Urban: The Continental Table
- 1120 Concentric Zone, Sector, Multiple Nuclei: Naming the Model worked example
- 1121 Rank-Size Against Primacy: Reading a Country's Cities worked example
- 1122 Megacity, Megalopolis, World City
- 1123 Suburbanization, Sprawl, Gentrification, Edge Cities
- 1124 Renewable, Nonrenewable, Proven and Potential: Classifying a Resource worked example
- 1125 Air, Land, Water Pollution; Eutrophication
- 1126 Conservation Against Preservation
- 1127 Classifying a Farming System From Its Description worked example
- 1128 Regions: Formal, Functional, Vernacular; Core and Hinterland
- 1129 Europe: From Cottage to Factory to City
- 1130 Russia: Size, Cold, and Russification
- 1131 North America: Core, Cities, Continental Trade
- 1132 Middle and South America: Hearths, Primacy, Inequality
- 1133 Sub-Saharan Africa: Berlin, Boundaries, Neocolonialism
- 1134 North Africa and Southwest Asia: Water, Hearths, Choke Points
- 1135 South Asia: Monsoon, Indus, Density
- 1136 East and Southeast Asia: Ring of Fire and the Pacific Rim
- 1137 Oceania: Isolation, Biogeography, the Seas
- 1138 Three Population Clusters and the Ten Largest Cities
- 1139 Globalization and Inequality, Measured
- 1140 Land Use From Field to City to Region: One Framework for the World's Places review
Unit 13: Economics I: Scarcity, Markets, Elasticity, Firms, and Market Structure 40 lessons, 2 lecture parts
- 1201 Scarcity and the Division of Labor
- 1202 Micro Against Macro; Fiscal Against Monetary
- 1203 A Theory Is a Tool
- 1204 Traditional, Command, Market
- 1205 The Budget Constraint and Its Slope
- 1206 Opportunity Cost in Money, Time, Resources
- 1207 Marginal Analysis and Sunk Costs
- 1208 The PPF: Outside, Inside, On
- 1209 Productive Against Allocative Efficiency
- 1210 Comparative Advantage From a Table; Positive Against Normative worked example
- 1211 Schedules, Curves, and the Two Laws
- 1212 Equilibrium, Shortage, Surplus
- 1213 What Shifts Demand
- 1214 What Shifts Supply
- 1215 Substitutes, Complements, Normal, Inferior
- 1216 The Four-Step Process on an Event worked example
- 1217 Price Ceilings Make Shortages
- 1218 Price Floors Make Surpluses
- 1219 Consumer Surplus, Producer Surplus, Deadweight Loss
- 1220 Elasticity as Percent Over Percent
- 1221 Elastic, Unit, Inelastic: Placing a Response in Its Band worked example
- 1222 Short Run Inelastic, Long Run Elastic
- 1223 Tax Incidence Follows Inelasticity
- 1224 Income, Cross-Price, Wage, Savings Elasticities
- 1225 Total Utility, Marginal Utility, Diminishing
- 1226 The Rule MU/P = MU/P: Finding the Best Bundle worked example
- 1227 Income Effect, Substitution Effect, Loss Aversion
- 1228 Explicit, Implicit, Accounting, Economic
- 1229 Short Run, Long Run, Diminishing Marginal Product
- 1230 Fixed, Variable, Marginal, Average
- 1231 Economies, Constant Returns, Diseconomies of Scale
- 1232 Reading a Cost Table for MC and ATC worked example
- 1233 The Price Taker and MR = MC
- 1234 Zero-Profit Point and Shutdown Point: Deciding What to Do worked example
- 1235 Entry, Exit, and the Long-Run Supply Curve
- 1236 Barriers to Entry and Natural Monopoly
- 1237 Why a Monopolist's MR Falls Below Price
- 1238 Monopoly's Two Inefficiencies
- 1239 Monopolistic Competition: Differentiation and Zero Profit
- 1240 Four Structures on One Line: Sellers, Products, Entry, Pricing Power, Efficiency review
Unit 14: Economics II: Labor and Income; GDP, Growth, Unemployment, Inflation; Money, the Fed, Exchange Rates, Fiscal Policy 40 lessons, 2 lecture parts
- 1301 Labor Demand From the Marginal Product
- 1302 Monopsony: One Buyer of Labor
- 1303 Unions and Collective Bargaining
- 1304 Bilateral Monopoly's Indeterminate Wage
- 1305 Earnings Gaps: Discrimination and the Controversy Over Its Share
- 1306 GDP: Final, Within, in a Year
- 1307 Two Ways to Count: Spending and Production
- 1308 Double Counting and Intermediate Goods
- 1309 Nominal to Real: The Price Index
- 1310 Peak, Recession, Trough, Depression
- 1311 GDP Per Capita and What GDP Leaves Out
- 1312 GDP or Not? Sorting the Distractors worked example
- 1313 Two Percent a Year Since 1800
- 1314 Productivity Is the Primary Determinant
- 1315 Capital Deepening and Technology, Broadly Meant
- 1316 Convergence and Diminishing Returns
- 1317 Employed, Unemployed, Out of the Labor Force
- 1318 The Rate's Denominator: Computing Unemployment worked example
- 1319 Never Zero, No Long-Term Trend
- 1320 Cyclical Unemployment and Sticky Wages
- 1321 The Natural Rate: Frictional Plus Structural
- 1322 A Basket, an Index, a Base Year: Computing Inflation worked example
- 1323 Substitution Bias and Quality Bias
- 1324 CPI, Core, Deflator, PPI
- 1325 Who Inflation Hurts and Helps
- 1326 Indexing: COLAs, ARMs, Brackets
- 1327 Four Functions of Money; Commodity and Fiat
- 1328 M1 and M2
- 1329 The Bank's T-Account
- 1330 The Money Multiplier: Working the Reserve Ratio worked example
- 1331 Runs, Insurance, Supervision, Last Resort
- 1332 Three Traditional Tools and the IORB Regime
- 1333 Loose Against Tight; Quantitative Easing
- 1334 Lags, Excess Reserves, Velocity: MV = PQ
- 1335 Which Tool, Which Direction? Reading a Policy Move worked example
- 1336 Appreciation and Depreciation Are Symmetric
- 1337 Speculation, Returns, Inflation, PPP: Four Horizons
- 1338 Float, Soft Peg, Hard Peg, Merged
- 1339 Deficit, Surplus, Debt; Progressive, Proportional, Regressive: Sorting the Taxes worked example
- 1340 Fiscal Policy's Toolkit and Its Three Lags: Stabilizers, Discretion, Crowding Out review
Unit 15: Economics III: Trade Balances, AD/AS, the Keynesian and Neoclassical Perspectives, International Trade, Protectionism, and the Major Theorists 40 lessons, 2 lecture parts
- 1401 Trade Balance and Current Account
- 1402 A Deficit Is a Capital Inflow
- 1403 The Saving and Investment Identity: Working It worked example
- 1404 Neither Good Nor Bad: What the Capital Buys
- 1405 Level of Trade Against Balance of Trade
- 1406 Say's Law and Keynes's Law
- 1407 Why SRAS Slopes Up and LRAS Stands Vertical
- 1408 Three Reasons AD Slopes Down
- 1409 What Shifts AS; Stagflation
- 1410 Which Curve Shifts, and What Happens worked example
- 1411 Not the Micro Diagram
- 1412 Growth, Unemployment, Inflation on One Chart
- 1413 Keynesian, Intermediate, Neoclassical: Which Zone? worked example
- 1414 The Four Components and Their Movers
- 1415 Sticky Prices as a Macroeconomic Externality
- 1416 Menu Costs and the Coordination Argument
- 1417 The Expenditure Multiplier
- 1418 The Phillips Curve, Short Run
- 1419 Recessionary Gap, Inflationary Gap, and the Fiscal Response worked example
- 1420 Flexible Prices Return the Economy to Potential
- 1421 Rational Against Adaptive Expectations
- 1422 No Social Benefit to Inflation; A Vertical Phillips Curve
- 1423 Growth Over Recession-Fighting
- 1424 Balancing the Two Perspectives
- 1425 Absolute Against Comparative Advantage
- 1426 Gains From Trade Even With Absolute Advantage in Everything
- 1427 Intra-Industry Trade and the Split Value Chain
- 1428 Why Barriers Exist and What Their Removal Gains
- 1429 Computing Comparative Advantage From Two Opportunity Costs worked example
- 1430 Tariffs, Quotas, Nontariff Barriers: Naming the Tool worked example
- 1431 Protectionism as a Subsidy From Consumers to Producers
- 1432 Trade, Jobs, and Wages
- 1433 Infant Industry, Anti-Dumping, Environment, National Interest
- 1434 Free Trade Agreement, Common Market, Economic Union; GATT to WTO
- 1435 Disruption's Price and the Cushioning Role
- 1436 Mercantilism and Its Critics
- 1437 Adam Smith: Division of Labor, the Invisible Hand, Free Trade
- 1438 Marx: Class, Capital, and the Claim of Inevitability
- 1439 Keynes and the Neoclassicals: The Short Run and the Long
- 1440 One Recession, Two Diagnoses: The AD/AS Model Read by Both Schools review
Unit 16: Capstone: Four Bands, One Exam 40 lessons, 2 lecture parts
- 1501 Sample Question One: Clay's Three Compromises worked example
- 1502 Sample Question Two: The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution worked example
- 1503 Sample Question Three: Buddhism's Spread to China worked example
- 1504 Sample Question Four: The Atlantic Slave Trade's Result worked example
- 1505 Sample Question Five: Missouri's Eleven Electoral Votes worked example
- 1506 Sample Question Six: The Green Revolution worked example
- 1507 Sample Question Seven: The Single Measure of Output worked example
- 1508 Sample Question Eight: Who Unified a Nation worked example
- 1509 Sample Question Nine: Wartime Conditions and Women worked example
- 1510 Sample Question Ten: Industrialization's Result worked example
- 1511 Mercantilism in Three Bands
- 1512 The Columbian Exchange as History and Geography
- 1513 The Reformation: Brooks, World History, and a Glossary
- 1514 Locke and the Social Contract in Four Units
- 1515 Enlightenment to Declaration to Constitution
- 1516 The Industrial Revolution in Four Voices: Reading the Same Event Across Bands worked example
- 1517 Federalism in Government, Political Science, and Geography
- 1518 The Demographic Transition in Geography and History
- 1519 Dependency Theory in Geography and Political Science
- 1520 The Cold War in Three Histories and Political Science
- 1521 The Berlin Conference and Africa's Boundaries
- 1522 The World Wars: Global, European, and American Sides
- 1523 GDP in Economics, Geography, and Political Science
- 1524 Comparative Advantage: Micro, Macro, Geography
- 1525 Public Goods: Government's Typology and Economics'
- 1526 Keynesian and Neoclassical in Economics, Government, Political Science
- 1527 Smith and Marx Across Five Units
- 1528 IMF, World Bank, GATT and WTO in Three Bands
- 1529 The Green Revolution in Geography and World History
- 1530 One Event, Four Questions: Deciding Which Band Is Asking worked example
- 1531 One Event, Four Methods: The Great Depression Read by Each Discipline review
- 1532 The Exam's Shape: Four Bands, Six History Units
- 1533 About One Hundred Twenty Questions in Ninety Minutes; the Credit Line
- 1534 Two Fact Sheets: The 2016 Outline Governs
- 1535 B.C.E. and C.E.: The Exam's Convention
- 1536 Study Order From the Weights
- 1537 How the Anchors Were Chosen
- 1538 Where the Course Is Thin, Named
- 1539 The Declared Anchor Errors, by Unit
- 1540 The Disclosure Record: What This Course Is Made Of and What It Claims review
Who this subject is for
- Students preparing for the CLEP Social Sciences and History exam
- Students meeting a general education requirement
- Adult learners finishing a degree
- Homeschool students
- Service members earning credit by exam
- Anyone who wants a broad survey of the social sciences
Why Social Sciences and History matters
This survey covers history, government, economics, geography, psychology and sociology in one course. It prepares you for:
- Any social science major
- US and world history
- Government
- Economics
Time to complete
- of lessons (640, measured)
- 5.7 h
- of lectures (32)
- 16.1 h
- learning hours on the certificate, with quizzes and the final
- 28 h
Times are measured from the recordings and the exam time limits. Go at your own pace; nothing expires.
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