Chemiosmosis in the Thylakoid
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Hydrogen ions in the thylakoid lumen diffuse out through ATP synthase, producing ATP by the same chemiosmotic mechanism respiration uses.
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Water splitting and the transport chain both add hydrogen ions to the lumen, building the gradient that drives this ATP synthase.
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This is the same chemiosmotic principle as Bio 0554, run across a different membrane, not unique to chloroplasts.