Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
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Substrate-level phosphorylation makes ATP directly, by transferring a phosphate group from a reaction intermediate straight onto ADP.
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A step late in glycolysis transfers a phosphate from an intermediate molecule directly onto ADP, producing ATP without any electron transport chain.
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Substrate-level phosphorylation is direct and immediate — it does not depend on the multi-step chemiosmotic process covered later in this unit.