Insulin and Glucagon: Opposing Glucose Control
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Insulin, released as blood glucose rises, lowers it by promoting cellular uptake and glycogen storage; glucagon, released as glucose falls, raises it by promoting glycogen breakdown — maintaining homeostasis.
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Insulin resistance or insufficient insulin causes glucose to accumulate in blood rather than entering cells, defining diabetes mellitus.
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Some cells, including kidney and brain cells, can access glucose without insulin, unlike most tissue.