Short-Term versus Long-Term Stress Response
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Short-term stress triggers rapid adrenal medulla release of epinephrine and norepinephrine, per Bio 2857; long-term stress triggers adrenal cortex release of corticosteroids under ACTH control.
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Glycogen reserves powering the short-term response, per Bio 2797, run out within hours, making the glucocorticoid response necessary for sustained stress.
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Long-term glucocorticoid use suppresses immune function as an anti-inflammatory side effect, limiting its safe duration.