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Tracing Common-Descent Evidence Across One Clade

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This capstone traces the multiple independent lines of evidence — anatomical, embryological, biogeographic, molecular, and cladistic — that together support common descent within one hypothetical vertebrate clade.

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Any one line of evidence alone — a shared bone arrangement, a fossil sequence, an embryonic similarity — could in principle arise by coincidence; convergence across five independent methods is what makes the common-descent conclusion strong, not any single dataset by itself.

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