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The Web and Ring Models of Life

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Because gene transfer moves genes outside any single lineage, some propose a web or ring model instead of a rooted tree, per Bio 1791.

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A web model connects branches wherever gene transfer occurred; a ring model proposes all three domains arose from one gene-swapping pool.

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The tree, web, and ring models are competing proposals, not a settled replacement — phylogeneticists remain divided.

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