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Parts per Million and Parts per Billion

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Parts per million and parts per billion extend mass percentage to very low concentrations, scaled by 10^6 or 10^9.

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A fluoride level of 4 parts per million means 4 g fluoride per million grams of water — too small for percentage.

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Reading 4 ppb as 4 ppm overstates the concentration a thousandfold — the two units are never interchangeable.

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