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Cell-Cycle Checkpoints, Three Gates

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A cell-cycle checkpoint is an internal control point halting progress until required conditions are met, with major checkpoints at the end of G1, at the G2-to-mitosis transition, and during metaphase.

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A cell with unrepaired DNA damage can be held indefinitely at one checkpoint rather than proceeding.

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These checkpoints are internal gates, distinct from the external growth-factor signals that trigger the cycle.