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Tracing a Reflex Arc Signal Path, Worked

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This procedure traces a spinal reflex's full signal path from stimulus to muscle response, drawing on this chapter's neuron, membrane-potential, synapse, and spinal-cord atoms in sequence.

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Assuming the brain initiates the withdrawal is the error here — a reflex arc completes locally within the spinal cord, and the brain only learns what happened afterward via a separate ascending pathway.