Genetic Linkage
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Genetic linkage occurs when two loci sit close on the same chromosome, so their alleles tend to be inherited together, not assorting independently.
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Two flower-color and pollen-shape genes near each other on one sweet-pea chromosome transmit together more often than independent assortment predicts.
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Linkage is a documented exception to independent assortment, tied to chromosome proximity — not a failure of segregation itself.