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The Concentric Zone Model

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Burgess (1925) modeled a city as five rings expanding outward: a central business district, a zone in transition, working-class housing, better residences, and a commuter/suburban ring.

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A city's second ring, the zone in transition, housed the era's factories and poorest new arrivals, driving Chicago School research.

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The model describes a predicted pattern; actual cities vary by geography, history, and policy.

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