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The Four Standard Forms

This video presents the same text shown beside it, spoken and on screen. It adds nothing the text does not say.

State

Every categorical statement reduces to one of four forms: A (All S are P), E (No S are P), I (Some S are P), O (Some S are not P).

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The letters come from Latin: AffIrmo, nEgO — I affirm, I deny.

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Four forms carry the entire system. Everything in this unit is bookkeeping on these.