The Reformer's Case

In practice

Start where the relativist starts. Cultural relativism grades every act by the local code; the code licenses slavery; so the reformer is wrong by definition — and if the code later changes, that is movement, not improvement. Two results from one theory: the reformer cannot be right, and progress cannot exist. Now audit the theory's credentials. Its argument was the Cultural Differences Argument: codes differ, therefore no objective truth. That inference is invalid — reports of belief cannot settle truth — so both results stand on nothing. Next, build the reformer's case from the ground up. Every functioning society, including this one, already runs on protection of persons and on treating like cases alike; the code itself appeals to both whenever it protects any citizen. So state the argument. Premise, factual: enslaved persons have interests, and the code sets those interests back while protecting identical interests in others. Premise, moral — and the society's own operating standard: like cases alike, absent a relevant difference. No relevant difference has been produced; every candidate offered reduces to who holds power. Conclusion: the code fails its own standard. Notice what was never needed: no standard was imported from outside, no foreign custom invoked. The verdict came from values the society cannot function without, applied without exemption. The reformer's claim is statable, testable, and — on the shared standard — supported. Moral progress, on this reading, is a code catching up with its own foundations.