Pure Covalent, Polar Covalent, and Ionic as One Continuum
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Pure covalent, polar covalent, and ionic bonding are three regions of one continuous electronegativity-difference scale, not separate mechanisms.
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A bond between identical atoms sits at zero difference, purely covalent; Na–Cl sits at the ionic end of that same scale.
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Textbooks draw cutoff numbers along this scale for convenience; the underlying quantity varies smoothly, with no true boundary.
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