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Determining Empirical Formula from Molecular Formula

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Determining a compound's empirical formula from its molecular formula means dividing every subscript by the largest whole number that divides all of them evenly.

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Acetic acid's molecular formula, C2H4O2, has subscripts 2, 4, and 2. The largest number dividing all three evenly is 2, giving a reduced ratio of 1, 2, 1 — the empirical formula CH2O. Glucose's molecular formula, C6H12O6, divides by 6 the same way, giving the identical empirical formula CH2O, even though glucose and acetic acid are different-sized molecules. Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, divides by 2 as well, reducing to HO, a formula whose subscripts are already the smallest possible whole numbers.

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Stopping after dividing only one subscript, instead of every subscript by the same number, produces a ratio that no longer matches the original molecule's actual atom counts.

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