Cerebellum and Brainstem
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The cerebellum coordinates balance and motor learning; the brainstem connects brain to spinal cord and controls vital functions like breathing, heart rate, and alertness.
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Descending motor pathways cross within the brainstem, so the left hemisphere controls the body's right side and vice versa.
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Damage to the brainstem threatens survival directly, since it regulates functions the body cannot pause, unlike most cortical damage.