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Analogous Structures and Homoplasy

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Analogous structures, or homoplasy, are similar structures that evolved independently in unrelated lineages under similar environmental pressures, not shared ancestry.

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Insect wings and bird wings serve the same flight function but differ in structure and embryonic origin, making them analogous, not homologous.

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Two structures can be analogous without being homologous — shared function alone does not imply shared ancestry.