Two Reformations, No Tolerance: How Western Christianity Divided for Good

The idea

The exam gives the Reformation half of one band, and the anchor's chapter tells it as two reformations that produced one result. The first began inside a Church that touched every life and had already turned some believers inward, and it began with an abuse, the sale of indulgences. Luther, who had found faith alone about fifteen ten, attacked the sale in fifteen seventeen, was driven by Eck's questioning to deny the pope's authority, refused to recant at Worms in fifteen twenty-one, and lived because an elector sheltered him and an emperor was busy. Print made him a celebrity; the peasants read him their own way in fifteen twenty-four and he backed the princes who killed them. By fifteen fifty-five, at Augsburg, each German prince chose his people's religion. Meanwhile Zwingli reformed Zurich, Anabaptists went further and were crushed by everyone, Calvin built Geneva on predestination and discipline and sent Huguenots, Presbyterians and Puritans across Europe, and Henry VIII took England out of Rome for a son and kept the ritual. The second reformation was the Church's, late and then hard. Paul III admitted abuses in fifteen thirty-six, made the Inquisition permanent in fifteen forty-two, and approved the Jesuits in fifteen forty; Trent reaffirmed nearly every doctrine from fifteen forty-five to sixty-three while banning the sale of indulgences and founding seminaries; Paul IV issued the Index and kept the Bible in Latin, which is why the exam's ninth sample question has one false option; Teresa, the Ursulines and the baroque reconnected the Church with the laity. The result: by the fifteen sixties the map was set, Catholic south, Protestant north, Orthodox east, and no confession anywhere thought another could be saved.