The Misinformation Effect
This video presents the same text shown beside it, spoken and on screen. It adds nothing the text does not say.
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The misinformation effect occurs when information encountered after an event alters a person's memory of that event.
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Witnesses asked how fast cars were going when they smashed report higher speeds and more broken glass than those asked when they hit.
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The altered memory is experienced as the original. Confidence does not fall when accuracy does.