The Euthyphro Thread
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State
One question asked in Athens, traced across the whole course: does approval make things good, or does goodness earn the approval?
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Scene one, Athens. Socrates asks Euthyphro what piety is. The definition arrives—piety is what the gods love—and one probing question splits it: loved because it is pious, or pious because loved? A definition tested by a case: the counterexample method in its first recorded outing, before the method had a name.
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The dilemma constrains rather than refutes—sophisticated defenders choose a horn and argue the bill is payable. The course's job was itemizing the bill, not tearing it up.
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