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Capstone: Buffer pH Calculation

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State

This capstone builds and then stresses a buffer, combining the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, the underlying weak-acid equilibrium it is derived from, and buffer capacity into one worked calculation, showing that Henderson-Hasselbalch is a shortcut for an ICE table already at equilibrium, not a separate rule.

Watch for

Applying Henderson-Hasselbalch past the point where either buffer component is exhausted produces a nonsensical or undefined result rather than a small, correctly attenuated pH shift.