Light and Nutrient Availability Across Habitats
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State
Light limits photosynthesis with water depth and canopy cover; nutrient availability in water depends on mixing that returns sunken organic matter to the surface.
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Ocean upwelling returns nutrient-rich deep water to the surface where sunlight again supports photosynthesis.
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A nutrient-poor surface layer does not mean an aquatic ecosystem lacks nutrients — they may be sequestered at depth instead.