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The Physical Basis of Independent Assortment in Meiosis I

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Independent assortment's physical basis is the random orientation of different tetrads at metaphase I, since each pair orients toward the poles independently of every other.

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A cell with two chromosome pairs can orient them two distinct ways at metaphase I, producing all four possible gamete combinations.

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This law applies chromosome by chromosome — loci sharing one do not assort independently.