Running the Universalization Test
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The universalization test runs in four steps: state the maxim honestly, universalize it, check whether the universal version destroys itself, and if not, check whether anyone could will it.
Take the exhausted student's maxim: "copy homework when behind." Step one is already done — and honesty matters; "copy this once" hides the policy. Step two, universalize: everyone behind copies. Step three, contradiction check: universal copying ends homework's function as practice and signal — copied homework becomes worthless to copy, and the maxim eats its own tool. Fail: a perfect duty stands against it. Compare "never help classmates when busy." Universalized, it survives — study groups end, nobody's plan collapses. Step four, the will check: could anyone will a world of guaranteed unhelp, knowing she will someday need help? Willing it contradicts what every rational agent must also will. Fail again — but softer: an imperfect duty, with latitude. Two failures, two different duties, one method — and the honesty of step one is where the method is won or lost.
The test grades maxims, not outcomes; a maxim dressed to pass has already failed step one.