Condensed Phases and the IMF-KE Balance
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State
A substance exists as solid, liquid, or gas depending on the balance between its intermolecular forces and its particles' kinetic energy.
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Cooling a gas slows its particles until intermolecular attraction can hold them together as a liquid.
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The phase is a balance, not a fixed property — the same substance shifts phase as temperature or pressure changes its side of that balance.