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Limits of the Biological Species Concept and Alternative Concepts

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State

The biological species concept cannot classify asexual organisms or fossils, and defining a species remains a genuinely open question this course does not settle.

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Morphological and phylogenetic concepts classify by trait similarity or shared derived characters instead of interbreeding, each with tradeoffs.

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No single concept is declared correct — each one's strengths and limits are stated, this course takes no side.